The Celts were quite advanced vis a vis medical practice. For instance, their surgical instruments included saws, retractors, stethoscopes, probes, and skull drills. The archaeological evidence on the use of some of these tools is unequivocal (skull drills, for instance).

In addition to neurological operations, it appears the Celts performed cesarean sections and amputations. They also employed a variety of herbal medicines.

Medical practice was intertwined with beliefs about the supernatural. Thus, treatment was also combined with votive offerings, etc.

Very important aspects of medical practice were the Brehon Laws that applied to it. For example, only qualified physicians were allowed to practice. Clear rules were established vis a vis what was required to become a qualified physician. Penalties were severe for unqualified physicians who practiced medicine. These laws also set forth the way hospitals were to be erected (4 doors, near water, etc.). The laws also declared these facilities were to be free of charge and detailed precisely who had to pay for and maintain the facilities.